Month: April 2021

Covid resurgence in India causes concern

Even as the country entered the third phase of vaccinations–with inoculations extended on April 1st to persons over 45–the daily increase in Covid cases hit a new high on March 31. A total of 72,330 cases were reported on that day, the highest daily surge in the past six months. The total number of Covid infections in India now stands at 12.22 million. And the total number of deaths has crossed 162,000.

The resurgence of the virus is of serious concern in the country. What is particularly worrisome is the fact that even as India’s vaccination program is rolled out, the number of deaths caused by the virus has also been rising. The number of deaths in a single day on March 31 was 459. And the seven-day average stood at 319. This marks a reversal of the declining trend in numbers–both for fresh infections of the virus and for deaths caused by it–that prevailed since a peak was reached on September 18, 2020. On that day, the total number of deaths recorded was 1247. Since then the numbers had been declining–in early March the number of deaths fell below triple digits. But since then, the spread of the virus has increased once again.

The spike in cases that began in early March is particularly high in Maharashtra, which is also India’s most prosperous state. Last week in a single day, when a total of 56,000 cases were reported across the country, Maharashtra alone accounted for more than 31,000 of them. With the renewed rise in the spread of the virus, there has been speculation over whether the Indian authorities will go in for another spell of lockdowns across the country. It has been a year since the Indian authorities imposed a countrywide lockdown and while opinion has differed on whether it helped stem Covid’s spread, this time around, at least in some quarters, there is anticipation that another round of lockdowns may be in the offing.

But that is unlikely. Instead of resorting to lockdowns, this time the government may focus more on asking states to step up testing and tracking of infections and speed up the spread of the vaccination program to cover all priority groups quickly. The renewed surge in infections is likely to affect economic activity and investor sentiment, both of which had begun to look up when Covid’s spread had looked as if it would be slowing down. 

The quandary the Indian government finds itself in is not enviable. To curb the surge in infections it has to think of adopting stricter measures, which could include more restrictions on mobility. But such measures, as last year’s experience has shown, can adversely impact economic activity. For now, it has opted to intensify the vaccination drive through the month of April and test and track infections on a war-footing.

Will Bengal’s election outcome turn the tables?

In 2011, after ruling West Bengal for 34 years, the Left Front government was ousted by the All-India Trinamool Congress (AITC), which was still an upstart party led by the feisty Mamata Banerjee who was then in her mid-fifties. By the time the AITC dislodged the Left parties in the assembly elections of 2011, the Left Front, a coalition of leftist parties led by the Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPM), had reigned in the state for seven terms. For the first five terms, under the chief ministership of the late Jyoti Basu, and the following two under Buddhadev Bhattacharya. 

The Left Front’s inning at the helm of West Bengal’s government may have been long and it may have all but annihilated its political opponents, notably the Congress party, but towards the end of its lengthy tenure, it had failed to bring about material progress in Bengal–mainly in terms of economic progress but also on the social front. Capital and investments continued to leave Bengal as the industry found it difficult to deal with growing and constant labour unrest; and relatively industry unfriendly policies. On the social front, violent clashes, particularly in the rural and semi-urban areas were on the rise as the CPM’s and allies’ cadres clashed with opponents over issues including land and other property rights. Ms. Banerjee and her parties focused on these and other issues, promised a new era of change, and soared to power. The power that she and her party have held onto for two terms.

Now the shoe may be on the other foot. Ten years after being in power, the government led by Ms. Banerjee has had a mixed track record. While Bengal has by and large been able to maintain positive economic growth during the past decade, the rates of growth in the state are still below national averages. Between 2012-13 and 2017-18, the gross state domestic product (GSDP) in Bengal grew at 5.5%, which was lower than the national average during that period of 7.7%. And while unemployment rates in Bengal during 2016-17 (the latest for which data was available) at 4.6% is lower than the national average of 7.1%, a large proportion–nearly a third (compared to fourth, nationally) –is casual employment. And there is no convincing data to show that under AITC jobs have grown in the state.

Non-performance on the economic front maybe one of the things that could affect Ms. Banerjee’s attempt to win a third term but there are others. Growing resentment against what many perceive as appeasement of minorities (nearly 30% of the population is Muslim) by her government; and continuing allegations of corruption against her government officials and party colleagues threaten to develop into a strong anti-incumbency wave against the AITC. Add to that the vigour with which the BJP and its allies in the state have launched a campaign during the ongoing elections and it could seem that the contest may go down to the wire. The elections in the state, which has a population of 91 million, began in March 27and the eight phases will carry on till April 29. The results in early May will tell if 10 years after Ms. Banerjee upturned the tables for the Left Front, those tables could turn for her as well.

A brief history

Punjab, the state of India, located in the north-western part of the subcontinent. It is bounded by Jammu and Kashmir union territory to the north, Himachal Pradesh state to the northeast, Haryana state to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan state to the southwest and by the country of Pakistan to the west.

The Indian State of Punjab was created in 1947 when the partition of India split the former Raj province of Punjab between India and Pakistan. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan’s Punjab Province; the mostly Sikh eastern part became India’s Punjab state. The partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence, as many Sikhs and Hindus lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east. Several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, also became part of Indian Punjab.

Punjab in its present form came into existence on November 1, 1966, when most of its predominantly Hindi-speaking areas were separated to form the new state of Haryana. The city of Chandigarh, within the Chandigarh union territory, is the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana.

People and Wildlife

With the growth of human settlement over the centuries, Punjab has been cleared of most of its forest cover. Over large parts of the Siwalik Range, bush vegetation has succeeded trees as a result of extensive deforestation. There have been attempts at reforestation on the hillsides, and eucalyptus trees have been planted along major roads.

Natural habitats for wildlife are severely limited because of intense competition from agriculture. Even so, many types of rodents (such as mice, rats, squirrels, and gerbils), bats, birds, and snakes, as well as some species of monkeys, have adapted to the farming environment. Larger mammals, including jackals, leopards, wild boar, various types of deer, civets, and pangolins (scaly anteaters), among others, are found in the Siwaliks.

Climate

Punjab has an inland subtropical location, and its climate is continental, being semiarid to subhumid. Summers are very hot. In June, the warmest month, daily temperatures in Ludhiana usually reach about 100 °F (upper 30s C) from a low in the upper 70s F (mid-20s C). In January, the coolest month, daily temperatures normally rise from the mid-40s (about 7 °C) into the mid-60s F (upper 10s C). Annual rainfall is highest in the Siwalik Range, which may receive more than 45 inches (1,150 mm), and lowest in the southwest, which may receive less than 12 inches (300 mm); statewide average annual precipitation is roughly 16 inches (400 mm). Most of the annual rainfall occurs from July to September, the months of the southwest monsoon. Winter rains from the western cyclones, occurring from December to March, account for less than one-fourth of the total rainfall.

Agriculture

Some two-fifths of Punjab’s population is engaged in the agricultural sector, which explains their heavy involvement in the Framer’s Protests over the new farm law reforms, which accounts for a significant segment of the state’s gross product. Punjab produces an important portion of India’s foodgrain and contributes a major share of the wheat and rice stock held by the Central Pool (a national repository system of surplus food grain). Much of the state’s agricultural progress and productivity is attributable to the so-called Green Revolution, an international movement launched in the 1960s that introduced not only new agricultural technologies but also high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice.

Aside from wheat and rice, corn (maize), barley, and pearl millet are important cereal products of Punjab. Although the yield of pulses (legumes) has declined since the late 20th century, there has been a rapid increase in the commercial production of fruit, especially citrus, mangoes, and guavas. Other major crops include cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds, chickpeas, peanuts (groundnuts), and vegetables.

With almost the entire cultivated area receiving irrigation, Punjab is among India’s most widely irrigated states. Government-owned canals and wells are the main sources of irrigation; canals are most common in southern and southwestern Punjab, while wells are more typical of the north and the northeast. The Bhakra Dam project in neighbouring Himachal Pradesh provides much of Punjab’s supply of irrigation water.

Home to the Farmer’s Protest

The ongoing farmers’ protest against the Narendra Modi government’s new agricultural laws isn’t just a battle to secure a legal guarantee for minimum support price or seek repeal of the three legislations. The battle is also to stop India’s rich capitalists from smuggling out farmers’ labour power without paying the cost – and there are several reasons why farmers from the Sikh community are at the forefront.

The Sikh farmers of Punjab were the first to grasp the danger when Parliament passed the three controversial bills in a great hurry, without a discussion or taking farmers’ unions into confidence.

In Punjabi diasporas, a number of politicians, singers, poets, and public figures have spoken up in support of protesting farmers, while in India, a huge number of Punjabi public figures have returned and rejected state-awarded accolades. Across the world, from California and London, to Vancouver and Melbourne Sikh Punjabi communities gathered in Covid-19 safe car rallies to protest in solidarity with Punjabi farmers.

The Punjabi efforts in the ongoing Framer’s Protests in India over the new Farm Law Reforms has put Punjab on the map, so it is time we start to learn more about its recent history since the partition.